The Symbolism of Mountains in Hindu Literature: Cosmological Representations and Their Relevance to Contemporary Spirituality

Abstract

Mountains in the Hindu tradition have complex symbolic meanings as a representation of cosmology and spirituality. In classical texts such as the Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Purana, mountains are understood as the center of the cosmos (axis mundi) that connects the human world with the divine world. This study aims to analyze the representation of mountains in Hindu literature and examine their symbolic meaning in Hindu religious practices in Bali, especially on Mount Agung and Mount Batur. The method used is qualitative with a literature study and hermeneutic analysis approach. The results indicate that mountain symbolism not only functions as a cosmological concept but also retains relevance in contemporary spirituality, especially in the context of ecological awareness and the search for life's meaning. In the Mahabharata, mountains serve as spaces for spiritual transformation; in the Ramayana, they represent sources of life and healing power; and in the Purana, they function as cosmogonic elements affirming the structure and stability of the cosmos. In the Balinese context, Mount Agung is positioned as the spiritual center and local representation of Mount Meru, while Mount Batur reflects ecological and spiritual dimensions through its role as a source of water and fertility. The conclusion of this study affirms that mountain symbolism demonstrates a close connection between cosmology, spirituality, and social life, and remains relevant in addressing modern spiritual needs and environmental concerns.