Modelling Construction Accident Risk Dynamics in BIM–WBS Integrated Planning: A Qualitative System Dynamics Study Based on Indonesian Accident Data

Abstract

Construction accidents in high-rise building projects continue to persist despite the growing adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and structured planning approaches. In practice, safety risks and quality risks in construction activities are closely interconnected and often influence each other through two-way cause–effect relationships. However, existing studies tend to address safety and quality risks separately, with limited attention to their dynamic interactions within integrated planning environments. This study aims to model the dynamics of construction accident risks in BIM–Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) integrated planning using a qualitative system dynamics approach grounded in Indonesian construction accident data. Historical accident records were analyzed to extract recurring causal factors and mapped to construction activities and BIM functionalities to develop causal loop diagrams capturing bidirectional relationships between safety risk, quality risk, planning effectiveness, and control mechanisms. The results reveal reinforcing feedback loops in which quality failures increase safety risks and, conversely, safety incidents trigger quality degradation through rework, schedule pressure, and coordination breakdowns. Balancing loops demonstrate how BIM-enabled planning and risk control can mitigate both safety and quality risks simultaneously. The proposed qualitative system dynamics model addresses a critical research gap by explicitly capturing the two-way causal relationships between safety and quality risks, offering a holistic framework to support proactive, risk-informed planning in building construction projects.