Performance Evaluation of Trans Jatim Bus
Service Corridor I
M. Anang Fitrianto1*,
Risma Marleno2, Haris Muhammadun3
Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya, Indonesia
Email: 1472300055@surel.untag-sby.ac.id
Abstract: At present, the public perceives public transportation as a less-preferred
mode of transport. This perception is supported by the prevalence of negative
stigmas surrounding public transport and the substandard condition of existing
public transport fleets, which fall short of delivering quality service. This
study aims to analyze the current performance and ideal conditions of public
transport. A survey involving 437 public transport users was conducted to
gather data. The results indicate that while 68% of respondents consider public
transport an important alternative for mobility, several performance aspects
require significant improvement. Specifically, the average load factor exceeds
85%, indicating overcrowding during peak hours, while the average headway of 25
minutes is deemed too long by 72% of users. Furthermore, the study highlights
user preferences for an ideal public transport system, such as increasing the
fleet size by 30% to reduce overcrowding and optimizing schedules to achieve a
headway of 10-15 minutes. These findings provide concrete recommendations for
policymakers and operators to enhance public transport performance and better
meet community expectations.
Keywords: Performance evaluation,
public transportation, performance, ideal conditions, Trans Jatim Buses.
INTRODUCTION
Public transportation, particularly
bus services, plays an important role in supporting people's mobility and the
economic growth of a region. Efficient and quality public transport not only
helps reduce congestion, but also contributes to reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and improving the quality of life in cities
The increase in the number of private
vehicles in many major cities in Indonesia has caused problems such as severe
congestion, air pollution, and travel delays. This has prompted the government
to improve public transportation services to reduce people's dependence on
private vehicles (Bappenas, 2018). Good quality
transportation services including punctuality, comfort, safety, and
affordability are expected to encourage people to switch to using public
transport. A widely used approach to measuring public satisfaction with
transportation services is the Servqual model. This
model assesses five main dimensions: reliability, responsiveness, assurance,
empathy, and tangibles
In addition to the passenger
satisfaction aspect, service performance evaluation also involves measuring
punctuality, load factor, and trip frequency
Integrated and efficient
transportation plays an important role in supporting connectivity between
regions and countries, while accelerating economic growth and sustainable
development. A well-connected transportation system allows the distribution of
goods and mobility of people to run smoothly, so that economic activity can
grow without obstacles
Public transportation in East Java,
especially for people around Greater Surabaya, or commonly known as the Gerbangkertasusila area, is the Trans Jatim Corridor I Bus
service. This service connects 3 (three) city/regency areas, namely Sidoarjo Regency, Surabaya City, and Gresik Regency. The
Trans Jatim Bus service has become a very popular public transportation option
for the people of East Java, since the inauguration of the first service in
2022. So far, the public stigma regarding public transportation services is an
uncomfortable fleet, long travel time, inappropriate tariffs, and security
disturbances when riding public transportation
Based on the background that has been
presented, the topic "Public Satisfaction Analysis and Performance
Evaluation of Trans Jatim Bus Service Corridor I" is relevant and worthy
of research. The declining trend of public transport use in many areas
emphasizes the need for a thorough evaluation of the services provided. Public
satisfaction and service performance are important indicators to determine the
success of public transport in meeting user needs and attracting people back to
use public transportation
This research will provide important
insights for operators and government in identifying the strengths and
weaknesses of existing services. With the results of this evaluation,
appropriate policy development and operational quality improvements can be made
to ensure more efficient and responsive services to the needs of the community
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In calculating the performance of
public transport, a quantitative descriptive research method was employed. Data
collection was conducted through field surveys to obtain relevant data and
calculate public transport performance indicators, as detailed in Table 2.3.
The research aimed to evaluate the performance level of public transport and
determine how well the system operates. Key indicators used to assess public
transport performance include load factor, vehicle headway, vehicle frequency,
waiting time, travel time, and speed. These parameters were calculated based on
the data collected during field surveys.
The surveys were conducted over a
one-week period in July 2023, focusing on the Trans Jatim Bus Corridor I in the
Surabaya and Sidoarjo areas. The survey locations
were chosen to represent key points along the bus route, including high-demand
stations and less congested stops, during both peak and non-peak hours to
capture variations in performance
The population of this study consisted
of all passengers using the Trans Jatim Bus Corridor I service. Due to
constraints in time, finances, and resources, not all passengers could be
surveyed. Instead, a simple random sampling technique was applied, with 125
respondents selected as a representative sample. This statistical method
allowed for an unbiased selection of participants from the larger population,
which was particularly useful given the lack of precise data on the number of
active users.
To collect data, a questionnaire was
distributed to respondents, consisting of 21 questions designed to evaluate
various aspects of the service. These questions were categorized into five
groups: three questions on information quality, six on system quality, three on
service quality, three on user experience, and five on user satisfaction.
Respondents completed the questionnaire during their journeys or while waiting
at bus stops.
The evaluation of public transport
performance followed the standards set by SK.687/AJ.206/DRJD/2022 from the
Directorate General of Land Transportation, Ministry of Transportation of the
Republic of Indonesia. Indicators such as peak and non-peak load factors,
travel speed, headway, travel time, service time, vehicle frequency, waiting
time, and the number of operating vehicles were calculated based on field
survey results. This systematic approach ensured a comprehensive analysis of
public transport performance under various operational conditions.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
Analysis of Public Transportation Performance
Evaluation
In the analysis of transit
performance, there are several parameters for assessing the performance level
of a public transport, in this case the object of research is the Trans Jatim
Corridor I Bus
a) Load factor
Vehicle load factor is one aspect of
assessment in assessing the performance of a public transportation. Load factor
is a calculation of the ratio between the number of passengers divided by the
maximum capacity of the vehicle. Based on the Decree of the Director General of
Hubdat No. 687 of 2002, the assessment of the load
factor is divided into 2, namely the load factor during peak hours and the load
factor outside peak hours. The assessment number is in accordance with the
table below:
Table 1. Table of AU Performance Assessment
Standards in terms of load factor during peak hours.
No. |
Service Indicator |
Assessment Standard |
||||
very less |
less |
Simply |
both |
very good |
||
1 |
Peak hour Load
Factor (%) |
>100 |
90 - 100 |
80 - 90 |
70 - 80 |
<70 |
Source: Director General of Transportation
Decree No. 687 Year 2002
From the survey results, the results of the
Trans Jatim Bus Corridor I load factor are as follows:
Table 2. On Bus Survey Results (Load Factor)
No. |
Date |
Total Passengers |
Load Factor |
|
1 |
November 17, 2024 |
35 |
116,67% |
|
2 |
November 18, 2024 |
35 |
116,67% |
|
3 |
November 19, 2024 |
34 |
113,33% |
|
4 |
December 1, 2024 |
35 |
116,67% |
|
5 |
December 2, 2024 |
37 |
123,33% |
|
6 |
December 3, 2024 |
34 |
113,33% |
|
|
AVERAGE |
|
116,67% |
Source: Processed by Researcher, 2024
Based on the survey results above, the
average load factor of Trans Jatim Bus Corridor I during the survey period was
116.67%. If calculated from the maximum capacity of the vehicle, which is 30
passengers, then on average there are 5 excess people in one vehicle. With a
load factor value that exceeds 100%, according to the table of standard
indicators of AU performance assessment from the Ministry of Transportation,
the performance of the Trans Jatim Bus from the aspect of load factor gets the
predicate KURANG BAIK.
In addition, with a load factor above
100%, the comfort factor in travel is also reduced, as stated in the results of
the public satisfaction survey for the 9th element, namely the condition of
infrastructure facilities, occupying the second lowest position in the public
satisfaction survey assessment.
b) Load factor during off-peak hours
For the off-peak hour load factor, it
is calculated by an on-bus survey at hours that are not the peak hours of the
public transportation. The period of off-peak hours on the Trans Jatim Bus
Corridor I is from 08.00 - 19.00. The standard load factor value for off-peak
hours is as follows:
Table 3. AU Performance Assessment Standard
Table in terms of off-peak hour load factor
No. |
Service Indicators |
Assessment Standard |
||||
very less |
less |
Simply |
both |
very good |
||
1 |
Load Factor off-peak
hours (%) |
>100 |
95 - 100 |
87 - 95 |
80 - 87 |
<80 |
Director General of Transportation Decree No.
687 Year 2002
Based on the results of the on-bus survey, the
load factor data during off-peak hours is as follows:
Table 4. On Bus Survey Results (Load Factor)
No. |
Date |
Total Passengers |
Load Factor |
|
1 |
November 17, 2024 |
25 |
83,33% |
|
2 |
November 18, 2024 |
23 |
76,67% |
|
3 |
November 19, 2024 |
23 |
76,67% |
|
4 |
December 1, 2024 |
22 |
73,33% |
|
5 |
December 2, 2024 |
17 |
56,67% |
|
6 |
December 3, 2024 |
17 |
56,67% |
|
|
AVERAGE |
|
70,56% |
Source: Processed by Researcher, 2024
Based on the survey results above, the
average load factor of Trans Jatim Bus Corridor I during the survey period was
70.56%. With a load factor value of 70.56%, the performance of Trans Jatim
Buses from the aspect of load factor gets a VERY GOOD predicate.
c) Travel speed
Travel speed is the average speed of a
public transport fleet, calculated from the start of the departure point to the
end point of the route. Based on the Decree of the Director General of Hubdat No. 687 of 2002, the travel speed indicator is
determined by the following table:
Table 5. AU Performance Assessment Standard
Table in terms of travel speed
No. |
Service Indicators |
Assessment Standard |
||||
very less |
less |
Simply |
both |
Very good |
||
1 |
Travel Speed
(km/h) |
<5 |
5 - 10 |
10 - 15 |
15 - 20 |
>20 |
Source: Director General of Transportation
Decree No. 687 Year 2002
Based on the survey results, the
average travel speed of the Trans Jatim Corridor I Bus during the survey period
is as follows:
Table 6. On Bus Survey Result Table (Travel
speed)
No. |
Date |
Location Point |
Speed (km/h) |
|
Depart |
Arrive |
|||
1 |
November 17, 2024 |
07:55 |
10:23 |
28,40 |
2 |
November 18, 2024 |
07:40 |
09:55 |
30,87 |
3 |
November 19, 2024 |
06:40 |
08:26 |
39,44 |
4 |
December 1, 2024 |
08:10 |
10:40 |
28,40 |
5 |
December 2, 2024 |
07:25 |
10:05 |
26,30 |
6 |
December 3, 2024 |
07:45 |
09:26 |
41,76 |
AVERAGE |
32,53 |
Source: Processed by Researcher, 2024
The survey was conducted by
determining the starting point, namely Porong
Terminal, Sidoarjo Regency and the end point of the
trip was Bunder Terminal, Gresik Regency. From the survey results it can be
concluded that the average speed of the Trans Jatim Corridor I Bus is 32.53
km/h, so based on the Decree of the Director General of Hubdat
No. 687 of 2002, it is included in the GOOD category. The route taken by the
Trans Jatim Corridor I Bus is through the Sidoarjo -
Waru and Waru - Gresik toll roads, so that in terms of speed it can be
maximized on conditions on the toll road so that the speed indicator is
included in the good category
d) Headway/Time Between Vehicles
Data on vehicle headway is one of the
results of the on-bus survey where this data is the time interval between one
vehicle and the next vehicle serving the same route. Based on the Decree of the
Director General of Hubdat No. 687 of 2002, headway
is one of the performance indicators of public transportation. The smaller the
headway value, the better the public transportation service.
Table 7. Table AU Performance Assessment
Standards in terms of Headway
No. |
Service Indicators |
Assessment Standard |
||||
very less |
less |
Simply |
both |
very good |
||
1 |
Headway
(minutes) |
>15 |
14 - 15 |
12 -14 |
10 - 12 |
<10 |
Source: Director General of Transportation
Decree No. 687 Year 2002
Based on the survey results, the
headway time or time between public transportation vehicles is as follows:
From the results of the static survey,
it can be concluded that the average headway for public transportation of Trans
Jatim Bus Corridor I is 17 minutes / vehicle. Based on the Decree of the
Director General of Hubdat No. 687 of 2002, the Trans
Jatim Corridor I Bus service in terms of headway is in the category of LACK OF
GOOD. From the existing scheduling of Trans Jatim Bus Corridor I, for the
morning peak from 05:00 to 08:00, 15 minutes per vehicle is departed from the
starting point.
e) Travel Time
Travel time is the time required for a
public transportation vehicle from the starting point of the route to the end
point of the route. The Trans Jatim Corridor I bus starts its route at Terminal
Porong, Sidoarjo and ends
at Terminal Bunder, Gresik. The following is the standard travel time published
by the Ministry of Transportation:
Table 8. Table AU Performance Assessment
Standards in terms of Travel Time
No. |
Service Indicators |
Assessment Standard |
||||
very less |
less |
Simply |
both |
very good |
||
1 |
Travel Time
(minutes/km) |
>12 |
10 - 12 |
8 - 10 |
6 - 8 |
<6 |
Source: Director General of Transportation
Decree No. 687 Year 2002
Based on the survey results, the
travel time data from the starting point of the route to the end point of the
route is as follows:
Table 9. On Bus Survey Result Table (Travel
Time)
No. |
Date |
Location Point |
Minutes |
Minute/km |
|
Initial |
End |
||||
1 |
November 17, 2024 |
07:55 |
10:23 |
148 |
2,08 |
2 |
November 18, 2024 |
07:40 |
09:55 |
135 |
1,90 |
3 |
November 19, 2024 |
06:40 |
08:26 |
106 |
1,49 |
4 |
December 1, 2024 |
08:10 |
10:40 |
150 |
2,11 |
5 |
December 2, 2024 |
07:25 |
10:05 |
160 |
2,25 |
6 |
December 3, 2024 |
07:45 |
09:26 |
101 |
1,42 |
AVERAGE |
133 |
1,88 |
Source: Processed by Researcher, 2024
Based on the survey results above, the
average travel time of the Trans Jatim Corridor I Bus is 1.88 minutes/km, which
according to the performance standards of public transportation from SK Dirjen Hubdat No. 687 of 2002, is
included in the GOOD category. Trans Jatim Corridor I buses cover a distance of
71 km from Sidoarjo to Gresik via the Sidoarjo - Waru and Waru - Gresik (Bunder) toll roads.
f) Service time
Public transportation service time is
the operational time of the transportation in one day. The length of service
time affects the performance of public transport because the longer the service
time, the more time public transport is given to use
Table 10. Table of AU Performance Assessment
Standards in terms of Service Time
No. |
Service Indicators |
Assessment Standard |
||||
very less |
less |
Simply |
both |
Very good |
||
1 |
Service Time (hour) |
<13 |
13 |
13 - 14 |
14 - 15 |
>15 |
Source: Director General of Transportation
Decree No. 687 Year 2002
Based on the results of the secondary
data survey obtained from the East Java Provincial Transportation Office, the
length of service time of the Trans Jatim Corridor I Bus is 16 hours, which
starts from 05.00 to 21.00. Based on the standards of the Director General of Hubdat Decree No. 687 of 2002, the length of time of
service of the Trans Jatim Corridor I Bus is included in the VERY GOOD
category, because the service time is above 15 hours per day.
g) Vehicle frequency
Vehicle frequency is the number of
vehicles passing the survey point per hour. Vehicle frequency data is obtained
from a static survey at a predetermined point. The number of vehicles per hour
is one of the performance indicators of a public transport service based on the
Director General of Hubdat Decree No. 687 of 2002.
Table 11. AU Performance Assessment Standard
Table in terms of Vehicle Frequency
No. |
Service Indicator |
Assessment Standard |
||||
very less |
less |
Simply |
both |
Very good |
||
1 |
Frequency (kend/hr) |
<4 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
>6 |
Source: Director General of Transportation
Decree No. 687 Year 2002
Based
on the survey results, the static survey results for vehicle frequency data are
as follows:
Table 12. Static Survey Result Table (Vehicle
Frequency)
No. |
Time |
Number of
Vehicles/Hour |
1 |
09:00 - 10:00 |
4 |
2 |
10:00 - 11:00 |
4 |
3 |
11:00 - 12:00 |
4 |
4 |
12.00 - 13.00 |
4 |
5 |
13.00 - 14.00 |
3 |
6 |
14.00 - 15.00 |
4 |
7 |
15.00 - 16.00 |
4 |
8 |
16.00 - 17.00 |
4 |
AVERAGE |
3,88 |
Source: Processed by Researcher, 2024
Based on the survey results above, the
vehicle frequency value of the Trans Jatim Corridor I Bus is a total of 3.88
vehicles / hour, or rounded up to 4 vehicles / hour. In accordance with the
standards of the Director General of Hubdat Decree
No. 687 of 2002, the figures obtained fall into the MEDIUM category. In its
existing scheduling, the Trans Jatim Corridor I Bus has a departure system per
15 minutes for each bus, so the average number of vehicles per hour is 4
vehicles/hour.
h) Vehicle Waiting Time
Vehicle waiting time is the time
required by passengers until the arrival of public transportation vehicles.
Vehicle waiting time is one of the performance parameters of public
transportation based on the Director General of Hubdat
Decree No. 687 of 2002. The unit of vehicle waiting time is minutes. The
following is a table of vehicle waiting time standards from the Ministry of
Transportation:
Table 13. Vehicle Waiting Time Standard Table
No. |
Service Indicators |
Assessment Standard |
||||
very less |
less |
Simply |
both |
very good |
||
1 |
Waiting time
(minutes) |
>30 |
25 - 30 |
20 - 25 |
15 - 20 |
<15 |
Source: Director General
of Transportation Decree No. 687 Year 2002
Based on the survey results, the waiting time of vehicles
from Trans Jatim Bus Corridor I is as follows:
Table 14. On Bus Survey
Result Table (Vehicle Waiting Time)
No. |
Date |
Waiting time |
Waiting time
(minutes) |
|
Arrive at the bus
stop |
Kend. come |
|||
1 |
November 17, 2024 |
07:50 |
07:55 |
00:05 |
2 |
November 18, 2024 |
07:27 |
07:40 |
00:13 |
3 |
November 19, 2024 |
06:25 |
06:40 |
00:15 |
4 |
December 1, 2024 |
07:57 |
08:10 |
00:13 |
5 |
December 2, 2024 |
07:12 |
07:25 |
00:13 |
6 |
December 3, 2024 |
07:34 |
07:45 |
00:11 |
AVERAGE |
00:11 |
Source: Processed by
Researcher, 2024
Based on the
survey results table above, it can be concluded that the waiting time for
passengers to get a vehicle for Trans Jatim Bus Corridor I is 11 minutes. When
compared with the performance standards of public transportation from SK Dirjen
Hubdat No. 687 of 2002, the waiting time for vehicles for the Trans Jatim
Corridor I Bus is included in the GOOD category. In its scheduling, the Trans
Jatim Bus Corridor I determines that each bus departure will be departed every
15 minutes.
i)
Number of Operating Vehicles
The number of
vehicles operating is the number of vehicles operating on one day of service.
The number of vehicles operating determines whether or not the scheduling has
been prepared. If there is one vehicle that cannot operate, then the entire
travel schedule on that day will run less than optimal
Table 15. Standard Number
of Operating Vehicles
No. |
Service Indicators |
Assessment Standard |
||||
very less |
less |
Simply |
both |
very good |
||
1 |
Number of
vehicles in operation (%) |
<82 |
82 - 88 |
88 - 95 |
95 - 99 |
100 |
Source: Director General
of Transportation Decree No. 687 Year 2002
Based on the
results of the static survey, the number of vehicles operating at the
operational time in the survey period can be concluded that the number of
vehicles operating according to their service time during the survey period is
100% the number of fleets operating optimally. In accordance with the Decree of
the Director General of Hubdat No. 687 of 2002, the number of vehicles
operating from the Trans Jatim Bus Corridor I is included in the GOOD category.
The total number of fleets for Trans Jatim Bus Corridor I is 33 units of bus
fleet, with details of 30 units of operational fleet and 3 units of spare
fleet.
j)
Evaluation Analysis of Trans Jatim Corridor I
Public
transportation performance is measured by several indicators. Based on the
Decree of the Director General of Hubdat No. 687 of 2002, several aspects that
are indicators of public transport performance assessment are load factor,
travel speed, headway, travel time, vehicle frequency, vehicle waiting time,
and the number of vehicles operating. The assessment of public transport
performance is divided into 5 (five) assessments, namely VERY LACK, LACK,
ENOUGH, GOOD, and VERY GOOD. So as to facilitate the assessment numbers, each
assessment is given a value of 1 - 5 and multiplied by 20, so that the maximum
value for each assessment is 100. To apply the assessment with several
assessment indicators, it can be done by adding up the total of each value and
then making an average of the values. That number will be used as the
performance value of public transportation. The following table shows the
weighted values for each indicator:
Table 16. Weighted Value
Table of Public Transportation Performance Indicators
No. |
Service Indicators |
Assessment Standard |
||||
very less |
less |
Simply |
both |
very good |
||
1 |
Peak hour Load
Factor |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
2 |
Load Factor off-peak
hours |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
3 |
Travel Speed |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
4 |
Headway |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
Travel Time |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
Service Time |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
7 |
Frequency |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
8 |
Waiting time |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
9 |
Number of vehicles
in operation |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
Source: Processed by
Researcher, 2024
Based on the
survey results regarding the indicators of public transport performance, the
assessment of the performance of Trans Jatim Bus Corridor I can be displayed as
follows.
Table 17. Performance
Assessment Table of Trans Jatim Bus Corridor I
No. |
Service Indicators |
Assessment |
||
Survey Results |
Category |
Score x 20 |
||
1 |
Peak hour Load
Factor |
116,67% |
1 |
20 |
2 |
Load Factor off-peak
hours |
70,56% |
4 |
100 |
3 |
Travel Speed |
32.53 km/h |
5 |
100 |
4 |
Headway |
17 minutes |
1 |
20 |
5 |
Travel Time |
1.88 km/min |
5 |
100 |
6 |
Service Time |
16 hours |
5 |
100 |
7 |
Frequency |
4 kend |
2 |
40 |
8 |
Waiting time |
11 minutes |
5 |
100 |
9 |
Number of vehicles
in operation |
100% |
5 |
100 |
TOTAL VALUE |
680 |
|||
AVERAGE |
75,55 |
Source: Processed by
Researcher, 2024
Based on the
table of public transportation performance assessment results above, it can be
concluded that the Trans Jatim Corridor I Bus service obtained a performance
score of 75.55 and was included in the GOOD category. All aspects of the
assessment get a value in accordance with existing standards, except for the
aspects of load factor and vehicle headway
In the existing
condition, Trans Jatim Corridor I Bus is the only choice for the people of
Sidoarjo Regency and Gresik Regency to travel to Surabaya City and vice versa,
where . This condition makes the demand for public transportation very high, as
evidenced by the survey results for load factor, getting average load factor
data during the survey period is 116.67%. With a load factor above 100%, then
for passengers, comfort during the trip is reduced because in the vehicle
becomes crowded with other passengers, and this can reduce the level of public
satisfaction with this transportation.
As for the
headway indicator, in the existing condition, Trans Jatim Corridor I buses
apply headways per 5 minutes for the period 05.00 - 05.20, per 10 minutes for
the period 05.20 - 06.10 while after 06.10 until the completion of bus
operations on that day, headways per 15 minutes per departure are applied. This
condition allows some fleets to experience delays until certain stops, thus
making the headway time even longer. Based on the standard, the maximum time
for public transportation headway is 15 minutes per vehicle. While from the
survey results obtained data for headway is 17 minutes per vehicle so it is
included in the category less.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study indicate that
the performance of Trans Jatim Bus Corridor I has achieved a score of 75.55,
placing it in the GOOD category. However, several aspects require improvement
to optimize service performance. The on-bus and static surveys conducted reveal
that the load factor, which ideally should not exceed 80% for urban public
transport, was recorded at 116.67%, significantly surpassing the recommended
standard. Additionally, the vehicle headway, which should ideally be a maximum
of 15 minutes per vehicle, aligns with the standard but shows room for further
optimization based on operational efficiency.
This conclusion underscores the
relationship between the findings and the research objectives, particularly in analyzing public satisfaction and the performance of public
transport services. The results suggest that while the overall performance is
commendable, targeted actions are necessary to address specific shortcomings.
To improve service quality, it is recommended to increase the number of buses
in operation to reduce the load factor and to reevaluate the operational
schedule to ensure a consistent and reliable headway. These steps can enhance
both passenger satisfaction and operational efficiency, aligning with the goals
of sustainable and efficient public transport services.
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