Toha Saleh1*, Yusuf Latief2, Diana Rohmatul Fitria3,
Abby Dermawan Atlan4
1,2,3,4Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
Email: tohasaleh34@gmail.com*
Abstract: The rapid construction of dams in Indonesia necessitates a more reliable
and efficient maintenance process to prevent potential failures, which could
result in substantial economic and social losses. This study highlights the
importance of early damage detection through enhanced dam operation,
maintenance, and monitoring, supported by detailed references for maintenance
activities. By integrating the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) with Building
Information Modeling (BIM) technology, the research evaluates the current
maintenance system and provides a structured approach for improvement. The
proposed WBS, validated through BIM, facilitates a comprehensive and systematic
maintenance framework. This integration demonstrates potential for cost
efficiency, improved dam maintenance performance, and informed policy and
decision-making processes in Indonesia.
Keywords: Building Information
Modeling (BIM), Dam Maintenance, Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
INTRODUCTION
In the last 10 years, the Indonesian
Government has built numerous dams with diverse functions and objectives.
Between 2014 and 2024, approximately 30 new dams were completed across various
regions in Indonesia
While the addition of new operational
dams is a significant achievement, it also creates substantial challenges for
dam maintenance in the future. The risk of dam failure—potentially leading to
property damage and loss of life—underscores the importance of effective dam
maintenance
Several cases of dam failure in
Indonesia (Figure 1) highlight these vulnerabilities, including the collapse of
the Situ Gintung dam wall in South Tangerang (2009), the collapse of the Titab
dam wall in Bali (2018), and the construction failure of the Ameroro dam in
Sulawesi (2023).
Figure 1. Collection of news on dam failures
in Indonesia (from various sources)
The Situ Gintung case, which resulted
in nearly 100 fatalities, was analyzed by BPPT (The Agency for the Assessment
and Application of Technology). The analysis indicated that the primary cause
of failure was the aging spillway structure, compounded by high-intensity
rainfall and piping through cracks in the spillway
Dam safety forms an integral part of
dam management and overall water resource management. Effective dam safety
measures are essential to mitigate risks such as reduced storage capacity due
to sedimentation and potential downstream flash flood disasters in the event of
dam failure
Despite the critical importance of
operation and maintenance (O&M) activities, current dam maintenance
practices lack the explicit and detailed guidelines needed for effective
implementation. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), a project management tool
that organizes tasks into manageable components, could serve as a framework for
detailing maintenance activities
Moreover, the integration of advanced
technology could optimize maintenance processes. Building Information Modeling
(BIM), a technological innovation that supports infrastructure project
management, has been widely adopted in developing countries to address
challenges across the planning, construction, and O&M stages
Based on these challenges and gaps,
this study aims to identify and evaluate the dam maintenance system currently
implemented in Indonesia. It also seeks to establish a reference framework for
dam management activities by leveraging WBS and BIM. WBS provides a systematic
approach to dividing and organizing maintenance tasks into manageable units,
while BIM enables accurate visualization and management of maintenance-related
information
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The methodology employed in this
research is a qualitative approach grounded in a comprehensive literature
review. To enhance the methodological validity, the study employs clearly
defined criteria for literature selection, prioritizing technical documents,
relevant regulations in Indonesia, peer-reviewed scientific publications, and
documented case studies. Additionally, the research incorporates insights from
discussions with experts and practitioners directly involved in dam management,
particularly in the operation and maintenance domains. The study focuses on
utilizing the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) framework to systematically
organize dam maintenance components based on current practices identified
through regulatory guidelines and scientific research. The WBS outputs are
further integrated with Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology to
facilitate the efficient execution of maintenance activities. Ultimately, the
study aims to propose improved dam maintenance management patterns and policy recommendations.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Dam Maintenance in Indonesia
The Indonesian government has
regulated several provisions related to dams, including maintenance activities.
As a legal umbrella, Law no. 17 of 2019 regarding Water Resources mandates that
water resources be managed in a comprehensive, integrated, and environmentally
friendly manner to realize sustainable benefits of water resources for the
greatest prosperity of the people through efforts to conserve and preserve
water resources, develop water utilization, as well as controlling the
destructive power of water. These efforts are carried out through the
development and management of water resources infrastructure, including water
dam infrastructure
Regulation of the Minister of Public
Works and Public Housing (Peraturan Menteri PUPR) no.27/KPTS/M/2015 concerning
Dams mandates the importance of dam management efforts, including through dam
infrastructure O&M activities, including:
a) Activities for
regulating, allocating, and providing water and water sources.
b) Activities to
prevent damage and/or decline in the function of water resources infrastructure,
as well as
c) Repair damage to
water resources infrastructure.
Details of the implementation of dam
management currently use and refer to the Guidelines for Operation, Maintenance,
and Observation of Dams, which were approved by Decree of the Director General
of Water Resources Number: 199/KPTS/D/2003, which also contains in full how to
carry out dam operation and maintenance activities
Furthermore, PUPR Ministerial Decree
no.27/KPTS/M/2015 also regulates several provisions regarding dams, described
as follows:
1) A dam is a
building in the form of earth fill, rock fill, and concrete, which is built in
addition to holding and holding water, it can also be built to hold and
accommodate mining waste or hold mud to form a reservoir
2) Dam collapse of
part or all of the dam or its accessory buildings and/or damage that results in
the dam not functioning.
3) Dam safety is an
activity that is systematically carried out to prevent or avoid the possibility
of dam failure.
4) Dam management is
a government agency appointed by the dam owner, a business entity appointed by
the dam owner, or the dam owner to manage the dam and its reservoir.
5) Dam management
unit is a unit that is part of the dam management which is determined by the
dam owner to carry out management of the dam and its reservoir.
6) Management of
dams and their reservoirs for water resources management is aimed at ensuring
the preservation of the function, benefits of the dam and its reservoirs,
effectiveness and efficiency of water use and dam safety.
7) Management of the
dam and its reservoir as intended is carried out by taking into account the
balance of the ecosystem and the carrying capacity of the environment, which is
carried out through operation and maintenance activities, conservation of water
resources in the reservoir, utilization of the reservoir and control of the
destructive power of water through control of the dam and its reservoir.
The concept of dam safety as referred
to in one of the points above, consists of 3 (three) pillars, namely:
a) Structural safety
in the form of safety against structural failure, safety against hydraulic
failure, and safety against seepage failure;
b) Operations,
maintenance, and monitoring; and
c) Emergency
preparedness
Maintenance
as intended includes:
a) Preventive
maintenance, aimed at preventing damage and deterioration in the quality of the
dam and its supporting structures, as well as extending its useful life. This
preventive maintenance activity is carried out routinely or periodically
(scheduled)
b) Extraordinary
maintenance, carried out based on needs outside the established maintenance
schedule, is aimed at repairing damage caused by quality deterioration, floods,
earthquakes, equipment jams, failures (structural, hydraulic, seepage,
operations, etc.), vandalism, etc. so on. The extraordinary maintenance
activities referred to include repair work, strengthening work and
rehabilitation.
Dam maintenance components have been
included in the Decree of the Director General of Water Resources number 199 year 2003. Aspects of dam performance assessment have
also been regulated in the 2017 Circular Letter of the Director General of
Water Resources (Surat Edaran DirJen Sumber Daya Air). Figure 2 below shows the
layout of dam components which performance needs to be considered.
Figure 2. Dam Component Layout
Source: Surat Edaran Dirjen SDA, 2017
Based on this regulation, dam
performance assessments are measured based on four aspects, namely physical
performance, operational and service performance, security and environmental
system performance, and institutional performance
The
objectives of dam performance assessment include:
1) Identify/measure
the service level of a dam in general.
2) Identify the
condition of the dam when assessing the dam.
3) Identify and
measure any minor or major damage to each dam component.
4) Identify and
measure the effectiveness of dam operations during the assessment.
5) Recognize
problems that threaten dam safety
6) Accelerate an
effective response to prevent dam collapse.
7) Prepare measures
to minimize the risk of loss of life and reduce damage to property, if a dam
collapse occurs
From the discussion of policies
related to dams above, it can be seen that the dam maintenance system currently
implemented is still normative and has weaknesses, especially in terms of
standardization and integration of technology. Existing systems may not be
optimal in utilizing the latest technology, such as Building Information
Modeling (BIM)
Utilization of WBS and BIM in Indonesia
The use of WBS in infrastructure
projects in Indonesia has been around for quite some time, while the use of BIM
is still said to be quite new. However, the use of WBS and BIM is still limited
to the planning and construction stages of buildings and roads. Previous
research related to the development of building maintenance and monitoring
systems has been carried out by several researchers with varying focuses
Currently, the performance of dam
maintenance information systems is still limited to manual monitoring which is
not based on WBS and periodic maintenance without in-depth technological
integration as has been applied to buildings using BIM. In Indonesia, the
application of BIM and WBS in the context of dam maintenance is still limited
and has not been integrated with existing information systems. This not only
hinders maintenance optimization, but also increases the risk of errors,
delays, and higher costs
Utilization and Development of WBS and BIM for
Dam Maintenance
The approach used in this study is
based on Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) combined with Building Information
Modeling (BIM) to produce a more efficient and effective system. This is to
develop a more integrated and optimal maintenance system, which can be widely
adopted, especially in the maintenance of dam construction in Indonesia
The regulations and policies regarding
dam maintenance do not specifically form a WBS, but the components and
sub-components in the Decree of the Director General of Water Resources Number 199/KPTS/D/2003
and Circular Letter of the Director General of Water Resources Number
/SE/D/2017 which were submitted previously, can be the basis for preparing a
WBS that will be developed for dam maintenance.
Previous research has identified
several components related to dam construction that can be used as a reference
for developing a dam maintenance WBS. Based on the activity details compiled by
Yusuf Latief and PT. Brantas Abipraya (2023), the components of dam
construction are as follows:
1) Roads and bridges
are components of dams that function as connections between dam building areas.
Road and bridge construction work includes excavation and embankment work,
drainage, pavement layers, drainage, bridge substructures and bridge
superstructures.
2) Cofferdam, is a
temporary structural component of a dam designed to divert or retain water so
that construction activities can be carried out without being influenced by
water. Cofferdam construction work includes dewatering, excavation and
embankment work, and excavation protection work.
3) Tunnels and
circumvention channels, this component aims to divert water flow from one area
to another. Tunnel and bypass channel work includes dewatering, excavation and
embankment work, tunnel excavation protection work, concreting of channels and
tunnels, and tunnel drilling and grouting work.
4) Main dam,
components which constitute the dam body which includes the peak, upstream
slopes and downstream slopes. Main dam work includes dewatering, excavation and
embankment work, excavation protection work, foundation drilling and grouting
work, dam crest pavement, drainage work, dam instrumentation, and dam
mechanical and electrical work.
5) Spillway, a
structural component built to drain excess water from a reservoir or lake
downstream safely. Spillway work includes dewatering, excavation and embankment
work, spillway protection work, spillway concreting work, drilling and grouting
work, drainage work, spillway instrumentation, and spillway mechanical and
electrical work.
6) Intake, a
component used to take or direct the flow of water from sources such as rivers,
lakes or reservoirs. Intake work includes dewatering, excavation and embankment
work, intake protection work, intake concreting work, drilling and grouting
work, drainage work, and intake mechanical and electrical work.
7) Public
facilities, are facilities and infrastructure that function to support dam
operations and maintenance. Public facility work includes structural work on
public facilities, architecture of public facilities, interior of public
facilities, landscape of public facilities, and mechanical and electrical work
on public facilities.
Planned work is reflected in WBS
components at the lowest level, known as work packages. These work packages are
used to group activities where work is scheduled, estimated, monitored, and
controlled. In the context of WBS, work refers to the results or deliverables
of an activity, not the activity itself. WBS decomposition structure from level
1 to level 6 to break down project work into smaller and more manageable parts
in dam maintenance
a) Level 1: Project
Name; This level provides an overview of the project as a whole and is the
basis of the entire WBS structure.
b) Level 2: Job
Family; At this level, the project is divided into major work families or major
work categories required to complete the project.
c) Level 3: Type of
Job; These levels for job types are broken down further into specific job
types.
d) Level 4: Work
Packages; types of work are broken down into smaller work packages and managed.
Each work package consists of the tasks required to complete a specific part of
that type of work.
e) Level 5:
Activities; each work package is broken down into individual activities. These
are the more specific and detailed tasks that must be performed to complete
each work package.
f) Level 6:
Resources; at this level, the resources required to carry out each activity are
identified. Resources can include labor, equipment, materials, and other tools
needed to complete the activity.
The WBS structure is displayed in
table form, with columns showing all WBS components down to the smallest level
BIM provides detailed information
about the monitored facility, thereby forming a strong basis for decision
making throughout the facility's life cycle. BIM functions to create, manage
and maintain all important information related to assets in infrastructure
projects from the design to maintenance stages (Li et al., 2022). Various
benefits can be obtained by implementing BIM in construction projects,
including improved data quality, more collaborative design, higher project
efficiency, and reduced risk during construction. BIM helps ensure that
construction projects run smoother, faster, and with higher quality end results
The use of BIM in dam projects is
possible, provided there are adequate government regulations and a qualified
workforce, although this may increase investment costs
1) Informative: BIM
must be able to provide complete, accurate and relevant information for all
stages of a construction project, from planning to maintenance.
2) Interoperability:
BIM must be able to be used and integrated with a variety of software and other
systems, allowing for seamless data exchange between the various parties
involved.
3) Collaborative:
BIM encourages cooperation between teams and stakeholders in construction
projects, ensuring all parties can share information and contribute
effectively.
4) Sustainability:
BIM should support sustainable construction practices, considering
environmental impacts and resource efficiency throughout the building life
cycle.
5) Coordination: BIM
facilitates better coordination between different disciplines and project
phases, reducing the risk of errors and conflicts during the construction
process.
6) Data Integration:
BIM integrates all project-related data into a single model that can be
accessed by all authorized parties, ensuring consistency and ease of access to
information.
7) Comprehensive:
BIM should cover all aspects of the project, including planning, design,
construction, operations, and maintenance, providing a comprehensive view.
8) Transparent and
Authentic: Information in BIM must be transparent and trustworthy, allowing
stakeholders to access data that is authentic and free from manipulation.
After validating the WBS components
from level 1 to level 5, the next stage is to validate the WBS components that
will be integrated into BIM. The validation process for WBS and BIM components
was carried out through discussions and the input of several experts who work
in the field of dam maintenance. The results of this preparation also assess
the effectiveness of using BIM in improving dam maintenance performance if
applied practically in the field. The validation process includes checking
various operational and maintenance aspects to ensure that BIM can provide
significant benefits in work efficiency, cost reduction and increased safety.
WBS components that have been
successfully integrated into BIM include critical structures such as roads and
bridges, main dams, spillway buildings, intake buildings, emergency spillways,
outlet buildings and facility buildings on dams (Table 1).
Based on information from table 1,
there are a total of 71 element clusters which are divided into six main
components in the Dam structure using Building Information Modeling (BIM). The
Roads and Bridges component has 14 element clusters, showing the diversity and
complexity in supporting transportation and access infrastructure. The Main Dam
consists of 10 element clusters, reflecting the crucial components that form
the core of the dam structure. The spillway building has 13 clusters, which are
important for water management and dam safety. The Intake Building, which plays
a role in controlling water inflow, consists of 9 clusters. The Outflow
Building manages the outflow of water from the dam and has 12 element clusters.
Finally, the Facility Building, which supports dam operations and maintenance,
has 15 element clusters. The total cluster of BIM elements found reflects the
complexity and diversity of structures and functions associated with dam
construction and maintenance. It also shows the utilization of Building
Information Modeling (BIM) to detail and organize every aspect of dam
maintenance in a systematic and structured manner, which helps in effective
planning, implementation and maintenance.
Table 1. The Developed WBS for Dam Maintenance
CONCLUSION
The WBS structure is considered
relevant to the existing conditions of dam maintenance, encompassing the scope,
components, and buildings, as well as the main elements and their clusters.
This structure provides a comprehensive foundation for maintenance activities
and can serve as a standardized framework for more effective and efficient dam
maintenance. At the institutional level, it is recommended to adopt the WBS
framework as a standard operational guideline across relevant agencies and
establish policies to ensure its consistent application. This would include
regular training for staff to align with WBS-based workflows and integration
practices.
At the technical level, the
integration of the WBS structure with BIM offers a powerful tool to enhance the
organization and management of dam maintenance activities. The validation of
BIM components demonstrates the potential to integrate most maintenance-related
elements into a digital model, allowing for systematic and data-driven
decision-making. To maximize these benefits, institutions should prioritize the
development of BIM capabilities that address gaps in the representation of
underdeveloped elements, ensuring alignment with operational requirements. This
includes the adoption of advanced tools for real-time data collection and
analysis, enabling field teams to access up-to-date information seamlessly.
Furthermore, the combination of WBS
standards and BIM provides a robust mechanism to improve efficiency, accuracy,
and sustainability in dam maintenance management. BIM's technological
innovation supports enhanced collaboration, resource optimization, and
sustainability throughout the dam's lifecycle. For technical implementation, it
is essential to develop comprehensive BIM models that incorporate key
components such as roads, bridges, main dams, spillways, intake buildings,
outlet buildings, and supporting facilities. These models should be designed to
facilitate structured planning, execution, and maintenance processes, ensuring
all stakeholders have access to a unified and data-rich platform.
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