The Perception of User for Road Damage: A Case
Majalengka-West Java
Rini Nurhasanah1, Andri Irfan Rifai2*, Mohamad Taufik3, Muhammad Isradi4
1 Universitas
Majalengka, West Java, Indonesia
2Universitas Internasional Batam, Riau Islands,
Indonesia
3Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Jakarta,
Indonesia
4Universitas Mercu Buana Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
E-mail: nurhasanahr531@gmail.com1, andri.irfan@uib.ac.id2*, mohamad.taufik@pu.go.id3, isradi@mercubuana.ac.id4
Abstract: The development
of road infrastructure in various countries is growing rapidly in line with the
increasing need for more efficient transportation and better road access to
various regions. Suppose in a country the road infrastructure is damaged. In
that case, it will result in limited access to more efficient transportation,
hinder the mobility of road and goods users, and potentially slow down economic
growth. This study aims to determine the level of satisfaction of road users
with the condition of the pavement on Jl. Pejuang-Sindangkasih, and determine
the level of existing damage. This research is located on Jl.
Pejuang-Sindangkasih, which is located in Majalengka District, Majalengka
Regency, West Java. The data collection technique used is a questionnaire,
which is intended to collect data on the level of damage felt, the impact of
damage on comfort and safety, and road users' expectations for road
repairs. Overall, this data provides a clear picture of the profile of road
users on Jl. Pejuang-Sindangkasih and how they see the condition of the road.
This information can be an important basis for road repair and maintenance to
improve comfort and safety for all road users. Some respondents also emphasized
the importance of immediate repairs to road damage to reduce the risk of
accidents and vehicle damage. In addition, respondents from younger age groups
tend to be more critical of road conditions and show a high awareness of the
importance of good road infrastructure. Road damage is very dangerous for road
users, especially for motorcycle users, and urgent repairs are needed. Overall,
this information provides important information about the planning and
implementation of road repairs, with a special emphasis on the most important
elements to improve the safety and comfort of road users.
Keywords: Pavement, Road Damage, Handling Strategies
INTRODUCTION
Infrastructure
plays a crucial role in determining a country's position in the Global
Competitiveness Index (GCI). The rapid development of road infrastructure
across nations is driven by the increasing demand for efficient transportation
and improved access to various regions. Historically, countries with more
advanced road infrastructure have experienced greater prosperity, as it
enhances agriculture, trade, industry, and commerce, all of which contribute to
sustained economic growth. Many nations are actively working to upgrade their
road infrastructure to boost economic development and improve the mobility of
people and goods, underscoring the vital role that roads play in supporting
human survival and economic progress
Suppose in a
country the road infrastructure is damaged. In that case, it will result in
limited access to more efficient transportation, hinder the mobility of road
and goods users, and can potentially slow down economic growth. Transportation
is one of the means that can be a medium to connect humans with a certain purpose
The issue of
road infrastructure is critical for many countries, including Indonesia, where
road networks form the backbone of the transportation system. In rural areas
such as Majalengka, road conditions are often poor, with potholes and uneven
surfaces due to limited maintenance and frequent heavy vehicle traffic.
According to a 2021 report from the Indonesian Ministry of Public Works, more
than 40% of roads in rural Indonesia are in suboptimal condition, contributing
to a higher risk of accidents. The increasing volume of transportation has
exacerbated road pavement deterioration, requiring continuous maintenance and
restoration to ensure road safety
Along with
the increasing population growth in Indonesia, the need for transportation has
also increased
Road pavement
is a layer of construction on top of the ground (subgrade) that has been
compacted to support the traffic load, which is then distributed to the road so
that the soil does not receive the load due to the allowable soil capacity
The types of
damage that often occur on Jl. Pejuang-Sindangkasih are cracks, holes, and
deformation of the road surface. Cracks in the pavement can worsen road
drainage and cause additional damage due to water infiltration. In addition to
increasing the risk of traffic accidents, the potholes that appear as a result
of this breakdown increase driving comfort. Highway comfort and safety must be
created.
Currently,
road pavement design plays a critical role in maintaining optimal urban
infrastructure performance and ensuring road user safety. However, with the
rapid expansion of road pavement projects, environmental sustainability has
become a significant concern due to issues such as toxic gas emissions, air
pollutants, increased fuel consumption, and noise pollution. Regular and
proactive maintenance, which includes crack repair, pothole patching, and
surface resurfacing, is essential for prolonging road sustainability. In fact,
timely and periodic maintenance can extend the service life of road pavements
by up to 50%. To enhance the effectiveness of these efforts, developed
countries have increasingly adopted advanced technologies such as remote
sensing, big data analytics, and predictive modeling. These technologies
monitor pavement conditions in real time, identify critical areas in need of
immediate attention, and optimize maintenance schedules, thus ensuring more
efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable urban infrastructure management.
The impact of climate change on the
performance of road pavements is very influential. An increase in temperature
and changes in rainfall patterns can accelerate the degradation of road
pavement materials. This is relevant to the global climate challenge due to the
high levels of environmental emissions contained in the resources used to build
road pavements. Therefore, road pavement design needs to consider environmental
factors to increase resilience to climate change. Solutions such as the use of
materials that are more resistant to extreme temperatures and the improvement
of road drainage systems are essential to reduce damage caused by water and
heat. In conclusion, road pavement is a crucial component in the transportation
network that requires special attention in its design, construction, and
maintenance to ensure the sustainability and efficiency of transportation
Road
infrastructure is an important public asset because it contributes to economic
growth and provides significant social benefits. The increase in the number of
roads proves the importance of the role of road infrastructure in development
in every country
Residents of
major cities in Indonesia choose to use motorcycles as their first choice in
their daily transportation routines
Poor pavement
technical conditions and road structure defects reduce traffic safety and
comfort for road users but also have a negative impact on the operation of
motor vehicles
Poor
materials used, poor construction techniques, and irregular maintenance are the
main factors that cause road damage. This problem is exacerbated by Jl.
Pejuang-Sindangkasih is affected by the large traffic load, especially by heavy
vehicles that often pass by. Constant pressure and extreme temperature changes
often cause large holes and cracks. To prevent the damage from spreading
further, regular maintenance and repairs are necessary. Road maintenance plays
an important role in the socio-economic development of a country. To avoid
future damage, better construction methods and the use of high-quality
materials should also be considered
One very important strategy is to prioritize improvements. Road pavement management, preservation,
and rehabilitation strategies are important components in maintaining
infrastructure and economic continuity in the long term
Roads that have suffered structural damage or significant
damage to the road network also require full reconstruction. Although it is
more expensive, full reconstruction ensures the safety and reliability of the
road in the long run. The sustainability of infrastructure and the economy in
the long term depends on the strategy of management, preservation, and
rehabilitation of road pavements. The use of high-quality materials when
building and repairing roads is essential to reduce the number of repairs made
in the future. To prevent standing water that can damage the road surface,
regular maintenance of drainage channels ensures a smooth flow of water and can
reduce the risk of road damage due to water
In addition, community participation in reporting road damage can
improve handling efficiency. The public can help the government detect damage
quickly through an online reporting app or system. In Indonesia, independent
road authorities associated with sub-national (provincial) units make
investment decisions based on a two-stage budgeting process. Sufficient budget
should be provided for routine maintenance and repair of roads, as well as
finding other ways to obtain funding, such as working with the private sector.
To produce more efficient and environmentally friendly road repair solutions,
the use of recycled materials and innovative construction techniques is
required
Road
infrastructure is included in the city's supporting facilities. Good city
facilities will also support economic activities in the city
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study employs a qualitative
approach to understand road users' perceptions regarding the condition of road
pavement damage on Jl. Pejuang-Sindangkasih. Tools commonly used in qualitative
data collection, such as interviews, field notes, diary entries, and
observations, were utilized to gather comprehensive insights. Qualitative
research is suitable for this study because it aims to explore the subjective
perspectives of road users in depth. The chosen approach enables the
investigation of their experiences and expectations regarding the road
conditions.
To enhance the relevance and precision
of the findings, the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) method was applied.
The IPA method was selected because it effectively identifies the gap between
users' perceptions of current road conditions and their expectations. This
method provides a structured way to prioritize areas for improvement by
assessing both the importance and performance of road attributes. Compared to
other methods, IPA is more appropriate in this context, as it allows
researchers to not only understand users' experiences but also quantify and
rank the most critical factors impacting their satisfaction. The data
collection technique, a questionnaire, was designed to capture the perceived
level of road damage, its impact on comfort and safety, and users' expectations
for road repairs. The inclusion of open-ended questions allows respondents to
provide more detailed, qualitative feedback, enriching the overall analysis
This research
is located on Jl. Pejuang-Sindangkasih which is located in Majalengka District,
Majalengka Regency, West Java. The location of this study is as follows:
Figure 1.
Research Location
Source:
Google Earth
The
Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) method is used to analyze the collected
data. This method allows researchers to assess the perception of road users by
comparing the level of importance and performance of various aspects of road
conditions. The analysis process begins by dividing the data into several
important variables, such as the level of damage, the impact on comfort, and
safety. Furthermore, each variable is assessed based on respondents' perception
of its relevance and current performance. The questionnaire data was processed
by calculating the important score and average performance for each variable.
Then, the science diagram, the matrix created through this analysis is usually
divided into four quadrants based on the average score of importance and
performance. This helps to identify areas that need repairs, areas that are
considered adequate, areas with excessive performance, and areas that are not
very important to road users
The results
of the analysis show that road users see the condition of the road pavement on
Jl. Pejuang-Sindangkasih as very important but poor performance. Most of the
people who answered said that road damage greatly affected their comfort and
safety, and many expected quick and continuous repairs. The IPA analysis
quadrant shows that authorities should immediately repair road damage as a top
priority. This study uses this methodology to provide a systematic framework to
understand the perception of road users and help in developing more targeted
policy recommendations for road infrastructure improvement. By using a
qualitative approach and science methods, this research can provide rich
insights for the planning and implementation of road improvements in the
future.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results
of the questionnaire collected from 60 respondents showed differences in age,
gender, and type of vehicle used when crossing Jl. Pejuang-Sindangkasih. The results
showed that the majority of road users were men, with the most people under the
age of 20 crossing the road, while people over 60 were the least likely to
cross the road. According to the type of vehicle used by the respondents,
motorcycles are the most common. Most road users choose motorcycles because
they are practical and efficient in chasing time. Some respondents also use
private cars, but the number is much smaller than motorcycle users.
Road users in the age group of 21-40 years are
also quite significant, but not as many people under 20 years old. The 41–60
age group has a moderate number of users, not too many but not too few. In
terms of gender, female road users also cross Jl. Pejuang-Sindangkasih,
although the majority are men. However, there are fewer of them than men. Road
users also commented on the condition of the road pavement. Many of them said
that road conditions affect driving comfort and safety, especially for those
who use motorcycles.
Overall, this data provides a clear picture of
the profile of road users on Jl. Pejuang-Sindangkasih and how they see the
condition of the road. This information can be an important basis for road
repair and maintenance to improve comfort and safety for all road users. Some
respondents also emphasized the importance of immediate repairs to road damage
to reduce the risk of accidents and vehicle damage. In addition, respondents
from younger age groups tend to be more critical of road conditions and show a
high awareness of the importance of good road infrastructure. Respondents from
older age groups, although less frequently crossing these roads, also provided
important input on the importance of improving roads to keep them fit for use
by all age groups.
Table
1. Respondent Information
|
Variable |
Category |
Frequency |
Percent |
|
Gender |
Man |
34 |
57% |
|
|
Woman |
26 |
43% |
|
Age |
≤20 |
21 |
35% |
|
|
21 - 30 |
19 |
32% |
|
|
31 - 40 |
11 |
18% |
|
|
41 - 50 |
6 |
10% |
|
|
51 - 60 |
3 |
5% |
|
Vehicles used |
Motorbike |
35 |
58% |
|
Mobile |
16 |
27% |
|
|
Public
Transportation |
9 |
15% |
Source: Research Results
Importance
and Performance Analysis
From the results
of the questionnaire, the variable of road damage to traffic safety (4.9)
received the highest importance value but also received the lowest satisfaction
value (2.21). Meanwhile, the one that received the lowest importance value was
road damage to traffic comfort (4.2).
Table 2. Importance and
Performance Analysis
|
NO |
Indicator |
I |
P |
G |
|
A1 |
Road damage to driving comfort |
4.2 |
2.21 |
-1.99 |
|
A2 |
Road damage to traffic safety |
4.9 |
2.34 |
-2.56 |
|
A3 |
Road damage to the frequency of
road use |
4.38 |
2.42 |
-1.96 |
|
A4 |
Road
damage to travel time |
4.21 |
2.35 |
-1.86 |
|
A5 |
Road damage to the
responsiveness of authorities |
4.72 |
2.49 |
-2.23 |
|
A6 |
Quality of road repair |
4.36 |
2.52 |
-1.84 |
Source:
Research Results
Quadrant IV Quadrant III Quadrant II Quadrant I
Figure
2. Importance and Performance Analysis Diagram
Source: Research Results
The table
above shows the value of the minus gap, which shows that the level of
satisfaction of road users has not met expectations. The variables are grouped
into four quadrants based on their level of importance and performance
according to the Cartesian diagram:
1.
Quadrant I:
This variable is of high importance and high performance. This means that these
aspects are very important for road users and that their performance is
adequate. Attention must be paid to maintaining or slightly improving this
performance in order to keep meeting expectations.
2.
Quadrant II:
Variables with low importance but high performance. Although these variables
are not considered very important by road users, they still have good
performance. No immediate action is required, however, maintaining this
performance is important.
3.
Quadrant III:
The variables in this quadrant do not require high-priority improvements
because they are not considered important by road users, are of low importance
and have low performance.
4.
Quadrant IV
is a variable with low performance but a high level of importance. Although
these aspects are very important for road users, they do not work well.
Therefore, to meet the needs of road users, these variables must be prioritized
for immediate improvement.
After collecting data on road users'
views on damage on Jl, Pejuang-Sindangkasih, 60 people were asked about the level of
influence of road damage on-road performance. Responses were given on a
five-level scale, from disagreeing to strongly agreeing. The analysis of this
answer is important to assess how comfortable road users are with crossing Jl.
Pejuang-Sindangkasih.
This data will also be used as a basis for setting better road repair standards
in the future, as well as as evaluation material for improving road
infrastructure.
Figure 3.
Respondent Diagram of Road Repair
Source:
Research Results
The Road Lighting Improvemen diagram shows that 68% of the answer
scale strongly agrees. This shows that road users are really looking forward to
improvements on Jl. Pejuang-Sindangkasih to improve their safety and security.
CONCLUSION
Data from 60
respondents about road conditions on Jl. Pejuang-Sindangkasih were analyzed
using the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) method, which compares the
importance and performance of various road elements, such as the degree of
damage and their impact on comfort and safety. The results indicate that road
pavement conditions are considered highly important by users, but the current
performance is poor. The variable concerning road damage and its impact on
traffic safety received the highest importance score (4.9) and the lowest
satisfaction score (2.21), highlighting an urgent need for repairs, especially
due to the heightened danger posed to motorcycle users. Most respondents were
men under 20 years old who primarily use motorcycles.
The IPA
analysis further suggests that low-importance but high-performing variables do
not require immediate action. However, critical variables with high importance
but low performance fall into the quadrant that demands urgent attention. To
improve the safety and comfort of road users, especially motorcyclists, the
authorities should prioritize immediate repairs to the road surface, focusing
on sections with significant damage that directly impacts traffic safety. These
findings should guide a structured approach to planning and implementing road
improvements, ensuring that resources are allocated to address the most crucial
issues effectively.
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